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Carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formation reactions are of crucial importance in organic synthesis. They are traditionally achieved by metal-mediated coupling reactions, such as the palladium catalysed Suzuki or Heck reactions. Such reactions typically involve oxidative addition and reductive elimination, which are two-electron processes. Recently, visible‑light photoredox catalysis has shown promise in forming carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds via single‑electron transfer reactivity under mild conditions. Traditional photocatalysts, however, can only access a specific redox window, as they are limited by their excited state redox potential. In a similar manner, electrochemical conversion by direct electrolysis of a reaction medium can also only be performed at a limited potential window before decomposition of the substrate begins.