Advances in surgery, technology and planning are redefining heart valve treatment, ensuring safer interventions and sustained quality of life for patients.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent an increasingly significant health concern, especially among individuals under the age of 60. Although CVDs have traditionally been prevalent in older populations due to age-related degeneration, modern lifestyle factors are contributing to earlier onset. Notable risk factors include high-fat diets, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and excessive alcohol consumption, all of which promote the development of obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, and hypertension at younger ages. Additionally, congenital abnormalities and post-infectious complications play roles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders. According to the World Heart Federation, cardiovascular diseases, including heart valve disease, constitute the leading cause of global mortality, accounting for more than 20.5 million deaths annually.